Sulfur dynamics in the soil-plant system and associated microbial transformations: a review
Sulfur dynamics in the soil-plant system and associated microbial transformations: a review
Keywords:
Sulfur cycle, Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, Mineralization, Soil fertilityAbstract
Sulfur (S) is a key element in biogeochemical cycles, occurring in different oxidation states, generating chemical speciation and a complex sulfur cycle. In soil, this element is found in inorganic and organic forms, with the latter predominating, reaching up to 95%. However, the main form available to plants is sulfate. The S-transformations are mediated by oxidation and reduction reactions, as well as mineralization processes, thus regulating its availability in the soil-plant system. Sulfate assimilated by plants is used in the synthesis of essential biomolecules such as amino acids and compounds related to defense mechanisms. In this regard, various studies have shown that sulfur-oxidizing bacteria present in the soil can increase the availability of this nutrient and improve the absorption of elements such as nitrogen, thereby promoting plant growth. Furthermore, its application in conjunction with other plant growth-promoting microorganisms has shown positive effects on the yield of various crops, highlighting its potential as a biotechnological strategy for the sustainable management of soil fertility. The objective of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of sulfur dynamics in the soil-plant system, emphasizing microbial transformations, as well as its importance and availability in plant nutrition and sustainable soil management.
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Copyright (c) 2026 Carlos Alberto Velázquez-Sanabria, Irving Oswaldo Velázquez-Ríos, Fredy Delgado-Ruiz, Francisco Guevara-Hernández
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